Expert TA: Enhanced Biology with OpenStax 2e

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Table of Contents

Topic Page #
Chapter 1 – The Study of Life
  1.1 The Science of Biology 9 – 19
  1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology 19 – 34
Chapter 2 – The Chemical Foundation of Life
  2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules – The Building Blocks 36 – 48
  2.2 Water 49 – 56
  2.3 Carbon 56 – 62
Chapter 3 – Biological Macromolecules
  3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules 70 – 71
  3.2 Carbohydrates 71 – 79
  3.3 Lipids 80 – 86
  3.4 Proteins 86 – 96
  3.5 Nucleic Acids 96 – 100
Chapter 4 – Cell Structure
  4.1 Studying Cells 107 – 110
  4.2 Prokaryotic Cells 110 – 112
  4.3 Eukaryotic Cells 113 – 121
  4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins 121 – 126
  4.5 The Cytoskeleton 126 – 131
  4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities 131 – 135
Chapter 5 – Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
  5.1 Components and Structure 144 – 151
  5.2 Passive Transport 151 – 159
  5.3 Active Transport 159 – 162
  5.4 Bulk Transport 163 – 167
Chapter 6 – Metabolism
  6.1 Energy and Metabolism 174 – 177
  6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy 177 – 182
  6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 182 – 184
  6.4 ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate 184 – 186
  6.5 Enzymes 187 – 193
Chapter 7 – Cellular Respiration
  7.1 Energy in Living Systems 200 – 203
  7.2 Glycolysis 204 – 206
  7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle 206 – 209
  7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation 209 – 213
  7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen 214 – 217
  7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways 217 – 219
  7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration 219 – 222
Chapter 8 – Photosynthesis
  8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 227 – 232
  8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis 232 – 239
  8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules 239 – 244
Chapter 9 – Cell Communication
  9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors 252 – 260
  9.2 Propagation of the Signal 261 – 265
  9.3 Response to the Signal 265 – 268
  9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms 268 – 272
Chapter 10 – Cell Reproduction
  10.1 Cell Division 279 – 282
  10.2 The Cell Cycle 283 – 289
  10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle 289 – 294
  10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle 295 – 297
  10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division 297 – 299
Chapter 11 – Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
  11.1 The Process of Meiosis 308 – 317
  11.2 Sexual Reproduction 317 – 321
Chapter 12 – Mendel_s Experiments and Heredity
  12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability 328 – 333
  12.2 Characteristics and Traits 334 – 345
  12.3 Laws of Inheritance 345 – 354
Chapter 13 – Modern Understandings of Inheritance
  13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage 362 – 366
  13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders 366 – 374
Chapter 14 – DNA Structure and Function
  14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding 380 – 383
  14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing 383 – 389
  14.3 Basics of DNA Replication 389 – 391
  14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes 392 – 394
  14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 394 – 397
  14.6 DNA Repair 397 – 401
Chapter 15 – Genes and Proteins
  15.1 The Genetic Code 407 – 412
  15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription 413 – 415
  15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription 416 – 419
  15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes 420 – 424
  15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis 424 – 429
Chapter 16 – Gene Expression
  16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression 436 – 438
  16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation 438 – 442
  16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation 442 – 445
  16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation 445 – 446
  16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation 447 – 450
  16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation 450 – 452
  16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation 452 – 455
Chapter 17 – Biotechnology and Genomics
  17.1 Biotechnology 461 – 472
  17.2 Mapping Genomes 472 – 476
  17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing 476 – 479
  17.4 Applying Genomics 479 – 482
  17.5 Genomics and Proteomics 482 – 483
Chapter 18 – Evolution and the Origin of Species
  18.1 Understanding Evolution 492 – 500
  18.2 Formation of New Species 500 – 508
  18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates 509 – 511
Chapter 19 – The Evolution of Populations
  19.1 Population Evolution 518 – 521
  19.2 Population Genetics 521 – 527
  19.3 Adaptive Evolution 527 – 533
Chapter 20 – Phylogenies and the History of Life
  20.1 Organizing Life on Earth 537 – 542
  20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships 542 – 548
  20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree 548 – 555
Chapter 21 – Viruses
  21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification 559 – 567
  21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts 567 – 574
  21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 574 – 579
  21.4 Other Acellular Entities – Prions and Viroids 579 – 583
Chapter 22 – Prokaryotes – Bacteria and Archaea
  22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity 590 – 595
  22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes – Bacteria and Archaea 595 – 604
  22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism 604 – 608
  22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans 608 – 616
  22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes 616 – 620
Chapter 23 – Protists
  23.1 Eukaryotic Origins 630 – 636
  23.2 Characteristics of Protists 637 – 639
  23.3 Groups of Protists 639 – 657
  23.4 Ecology of Protists 657 – 662
Chapter 24 – Fungi
  24.1 Characteristics of Fungi 668 – 675
  24.2 Classifications of Fungi 675 – 684
  24.3 Ecology of Fungi 684 – 690
  24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens 690 – 693
  24.5 Importance of Fungi in Human Life 694 – 695
Chapter 25 – Seedless Plants
  25.1 Early Plant Life 702 – 708
  25.2 Green Algae – Precursors of Land Plants 708 – 710
  25.3 Bryophytes 710 – 716
  25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants 716 – 725
Chapter 26 – Seed Plants
  26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants 732 – 738
  26.2 Gymnosperms 738 – 743
  26.3 Angiosperms 743 – 750
  26.4 The Role of Seed Plants 751 – 757
Chapter 27 – Introduction to Animal Diversity
  27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom 764 – 768
  27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals 768 – 775
  27.3 Animal Phylogeny 775 – 778
  27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom 778 – 784
Chapter 28 – Invertebrates
  28.1 Phylum Porifera 790 – 794
  28.2 Phylum Cnidaria 794 – 802
  28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa – Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans 802 – 811
  28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa – Molluscs and Annelids 811 – 820
  28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa – Nematodes and Tardigrades 821 – 827
  28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa – Arthropods 827 – 836
  28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia 836 – 840
Chapter 29 – Vertebrates
  29.1 Chordates 850 – 855
  29.2 Fishes 855 – 861
  29.3 Amphibians 861 – 867
  29.4 Reptiles 867 – 876
  29.5 Birds 876 – 881
  29.6 Mammals 881 – 885
  29.7 The Evolution of Primates 886 – 894
Chapter 30 – Plant Form and Physiology
  30.1 The Plant Body 904 – 906
  30.2 Stems 906 – 914
  30.3 Roots 915 – 918
  30.4 Leaves 918 – 925
  30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants 926 – 935
  30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses 935 – 942
Chapter 31 – Soil and Plant Nutrition
  31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants 951 – 955
  31.2 The Soil 955 – 960
  31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants 960 – 966
Chapter 32 – Plant Reproduction
  32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure 971 – 981
  32.2 Pollination and Fertilization 981 – 992
  32.3 Asexual Reproduction 992 – 998
Chapter 33 – The Animal Body – Basic Form and Function
  33.1 Animal Form and Function 1006 – 1011
  33.2 Animal Primary Tissues 1012 – 1021
  33.3 Homeostasis 1023 – 1027
Chapter 34 – Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
  34.1 Digestive Systems 1034 – 1045
  34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production 1045 – 1052
  34.3 Digestive System Processes 1052 – 1058
  34.4 Digestive System Regulation 1058 – 1059
Chapter 35 – The Nervous System
  35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells 1066 – 1073
  35.2 How Neurons Communicate 1073 – 1085
  35.3 The Central Nervous System 1085 – 1091
  35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 1091 – 1095
  35.5 Nervous System Disorders 1096 – 1101
Chapter 36 – Sensory Systems
  36.1 Sensory Processes 1109 – 1114
  36.2 Somatosensation 1114 – 1118
  36.3 Taste and Smell 1119 – 1124
  36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation 1124 – 1130
  36.5 Vision 1130 – 1137
Chapter 37 – The Endocrine System
  37.1 Types of Hormones 1145 – 1148
  37.2 How Hormones Work 1148 – 1150
  37.3 Regulation of Body Processes 1151 – 1162
  37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production 1162 – 1164
  37.5 Endocrine Glands 1164 – 1171
Chapter 38 – The Musculoskeletal System
  38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems 1180 – 1190
  38.2 Bone 1191 – 1198
  38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement 1198 – 1206
  38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion 1206 – 1215
Chapter 39 – The Respiratory System
  39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange 1224 – 1230
  39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces 1230 – 1235
  39.3 Breathing 1235 – 1241
  39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids 1241 – 1245
Chapter 40 – The Circulatory System
  40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System 1252 – 1255
  40.2 Components of the Blood 1255 – 1260
  40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels 1261 – 1268
  40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation 1268 – 1271
Chapter 41 – Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
  41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance 1278 – 1281
  41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs 1281 – 1288
  41.3 Excretion Systems 1288 – 1290
  41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes 1290 – 1293
  41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions 1293 – 1295
Chapter 42 – The Immune System
  42.1 Innate Immune Response 1302 – 1308
  42.2 Adaptive Immune Response 1309 – 1321
  42.3 Antibodies 1321 – 1327
  42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System 1327 – 1329
Chapter 43 – Animal Reproduction and Development
  43.1 Reproduction Methods 1336 – 1339
  43.2 Fertilization 1339 – 1341
  43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis 1341 – 1348
  43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction 1348 – 1353
  43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth 1353 – 1358
  43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development 1358 – 1362
  43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation 1362 – 1364
Chapter 44 – Ecology and the Biosphere
  44.1 The Scope of Ecology 1372 – 1375
  44.2 Biogeography 1376 – 1382
  44.3 Terrestrial Biomes 1382 – 1388
  44.4 Aquatic Biomes 1389 – 1395
  44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change 1395 – 1402
Chapter 45 – Population and Community Ecology
  45.1 Population Demography 1408 – 1413
  45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection 1413 – 1416
  45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth 1417 – 1420
  45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation 1421 – 1425
  45.5 Human Population Growth 1425 – 1429
  45.6 Community Ecology 1429 – 1441
  45.7 Behavioral Biology – Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior 1441 – 1450
Chapter 46 – Ecosystems
  46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems 1459 – 1468
  46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems 1468 – 1472
  46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles 1472 – 1483
Chapter 47 – Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
  47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis 1490 – 1500
  47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life 1500 – 1504
  47.3 Threats to Biodiversity 1504 – 1511
  47.4 Preserving Biodiversity 1511 – 1516