Expert TA: Enhanced Biology with OpenStax 2e 2020

Table of Contents

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Topic Page #
Chapter 1 – The Study of Life
1.1 The Science of Biology 16 – 28
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology 16 – 28
Chapter 2 – The Chemical Foundation of Life
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks 16 – 28
2.2 Water 16 – 28
2.3 Carbon 16 – 28
Chapter 3 – Biological Macromolecules
3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules 16 – 28
3.2 Carbohydrates 16 – 28
3.3 Lipids 16 – 28
3.4 Proteins 16 – 28
3.5 Nucleic Acids 16 – 28
Chapter 4 – Cell Structure
4.1 Studying Cells 16 – 28
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells 16 – 28
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells 16 – 28
4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins 16 – 28
4.5 The Cytoskeleton 16 – 28
4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities 16 – 28
Chapter 5 – Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
5.1 Components and Structure 16 – 28
5.2 Passive Transport 16 – 28
5.3 Active Transport 16 – 28
5.4 Bulk Transport 16 – 28
Chapter 6 – Metabolism
6.1 Energy and Metabolism 16 – 28
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy 16 – 28
6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 16 – 28
6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate 16 – 28
6.5 Enzymes 16 – 28
Chapter 7 – Cellular Respiration
7.1 Energy in Living Systems 16 – 28
7.2 Glycolysis 16 – 28
7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle 16 – 28
7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation 16 – 28
7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen 16 – 28
7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways 16 – 28
7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration 16 – 28
Chapter 8 – Photosynthesis
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 16 – 28
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis 16 – 28
8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules 16 – 28
Chapter 9 – Cell Communication
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors 16 – 28
9.2 Propagation of the Signal 16 – 28
9.3 Response to the Signal 16 – 28
9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms 16 – 28
Chapter 10 – Cell Reproduction
10.1 Cell Division 16 – 28
10.2 The Cell Cycle 16 – 28
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle 16 – 28
10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle 16 – 28
10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division 16 – 28
Chapter 11 – Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
11.1 The Process of Meiosis 16 – 28
11.2 Sexual Reproduction 16 – 28
Chapter 12 – Mendel’s Experiments and Heredity
12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability 16 – 28
12.2 Characteristics and Traits 16 – 28
12.3 Laws of Inheritance 16 – 28
Chapter 13 – Modern Understandings of Inheritance
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage 16 – 28
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders 16 – 28
Chapter 14 – DNA Structure and Function
14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding 16 – 28
14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing 16 – 28
14.3 Basics of DNA Replication 16 – 28
14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes 16 – 28
14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 16 – 28
14.6 DNA Repair 16 – 28
Chapter 15 – Genes and Proteins
15.1 The Genetic Code 16 – 28
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription 16 – 28
15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription 16 – 28
15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes 16 – 28
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis 16 – 28
Chapter 16 – Gene Expression
16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression 16 – 28
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation 16 – 28
16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation 16 – 28
16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation 16 – 28
16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation 16 – 28
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation 16 – 28
16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation 16 – 28
Chapter 17 – Biotechnology and Genomics
17.1 Biotechnology 16 – 28
17.2 Mapping Genomes 16 – 28
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing 16 – 28
17.4 Applying Genomics 16 – 28
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics 16 – 28
Chapter 18 – Evolution and the Origin of Species
18.1 Understanding Evolution 16 – 28
18.2 Formation of New Species 16 – 28
18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates 16 – 28
Chapter 19 – The Evolution of Populations
19.1 Population Evolution 16 – 28
19.2 Population Genetics 16 – 28
19.3 Adaptive Evolution 16 – 28
Chapter 20 – Phylogenies and the History of Life
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth 16 – 28
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships 16 – 28
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree 16 – 28
Chapter 21 – Viruses
21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification 16 – 28
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts 16 – 28
21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 16 – 28
21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids 16 – 28
Chapter 22 – Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity 16 – 28
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea 16 – 28
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism 16 – 28
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans 16 – 28
22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes 16 – 28
Chapter 23 – Protists
23.1 Eukaryotic Origins 16 – 28
23.2 Characteristics of Protists 16 – 28
23.3 Groups of Protists 16 – 28
23.4 Ecology of Protists 16 – 28
Chapter 24 – Fungi
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi 16 – 28
24.2 Classifications of Fungi 16 – 28
24.3 Ecology of Fungi 16 – 28
24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens 16 – 28
24.5 Importance of Fungi in Human Life 16 – 28
Chapter 25 – Seedless Plants
25.1 Early Plant Life 16 – 28
25.2 Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants 16 – 28
25.3 Bryophytes 16 – 28
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants 16 – 28
Chapter 26 – Seed Plants
26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants 16 – 28
26.2 Gymnosperms 16 – 28
26.3 Angiosperms 16 – 28
26.4 The Role of Seed Plants 16 – 28
Chapter 27 – Introduction to Animal Diversity
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom 16 – 28
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals 16 – 28
27.3 Animal Phylogeny 16 – 28
27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom 16 – 28
Chapter 28 – Invertebrates
28.1 Phylum Porifera 16 – 28
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria 16 – 28
28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans 16 – 28
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids 16 – 28
28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades 16 – 28
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods 16 – 28
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia 16 – 28
Chapter 29 – Vertebrates
29.1 Chordates 16 – 28
29.2 Fishes 16 – 28
29.3 Amphibians 16 – 28
29.4 Reptiles 16 – 28
29.5 Birds 16 – 28
29.6 Mammals 16 – 28
29.7 The Evolution of Primates 16 – 28
Chapter 30 – Plant Form and Physiology
30.1 The Plant Body 16 – 28
30.2 Stems 16 – 28
30.3 Roots 16 – 28
30.4 Leaves 16 – 28
30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants 16 – 28
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses 16 – 28
Chapter 31 – Soil and Plant Nutrition
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants 16 – 28
31.2 The Soil 16 – 28
31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants 16 – 28
Chapter 32 – Plant Reproduction
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure 16 – 28
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization 16 – 28
32.3 Asexual Reproduction 16 – 28
Chapter 33 – The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
33.1 Animal Form and Function 16 – 28
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues 16 – 28
33.3 Homeostasis 16 – 28
Chapter 34 – Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
34.1 Digestive Systems 16 – 28
34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production 16 – 28
34.3 Digestive System Processes 16 – 28
34.4 Digestive System Regulation 16 – 28
Chapter 35 – The Nervous System
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells 16 – 28
35.2 How Neurons Communicate 16 – 28
35.3 The Central Nervous System 16 – 28
35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 16 – 28
35.5 Nervous System Disorders 16 – 28
Chapter 36 – Sensory Systems
36.1 Sensory Processes 16 – 28
36.2 Somatosensation 16 – 28
36.3 Taste and Smell 16 – 28
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation 16 – 28
36.5 Vision 16 – 28
Chapter 37 – The Endocrine System
37.1 Types of Hormones 16 – 28
37.2 How Hormones Work 16 – 28
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes 16 – 28
37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production 16 – 28
37.5 Endocrine Glands 16 – 28
Chapter 38 – The Musculoskeletal System
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems 16 – 28
38.2 Bone 16 – 28
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement 16 – 28
38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion 16 – 28
Chapter 39 – The Respiratory System
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange 16 – 28
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces 16 – 28
39.3 Breathing 16 – 28
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids 16 – 28
Chapter 40 – The Circulatory System
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System 16 – 28
40.2 Components of the Blood 16 – 28
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels 16 – 28
40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation 16 – 28
Chapter 41 – Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance 16 – 28
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs 16 – 28
41.3 Excretion Systems 16 – 28
41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes 16 – 28
41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions 16 – 28
Chapter 42 – The Immune System
42.1 Innate Immune Response 16 – 28
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response 16 – 28
42.3 Antibodies 16 – 28
42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System 16 – 28
Chapter 43 – Animal Reproduction and Development
43.1 Reproduction Methods 16 – 28
43.2 Fertilization 16 – 28
43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis 16 – 28
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction 16 – 28
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth 16 – 28
43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development 16 – 28
43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation 16 – 28
Chapter 44 – Ecology and the Biosphere
44.1 The Scope of Ecology 16 – 28
44.2 Biogeography 16 – 28
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes 16 – 28
44.4 Aquatic Biomes 16 – 28
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change 16 – 28
Chapter 45 – Population and Community Ecology
45.1 Population Demography 16 – 28
45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection 16 – 28
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth 16 – 28
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation 16 – 28
45.5 Human Population Growth 16 – 28
45.6 Community Ecology 16 – 28
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior 16 – 28
Chapter 46 – Ecosystems
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems 16 – 28
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems 16 – 28
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles 16 – 28
Chapter 47 – Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis 16 – 28
47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life 16 – 28
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity 16 – 28
47.4 Preserving Biodiversity 16 – 28